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| 53 BC |
| | | The death of Crassus at Carrhae brings to an end the first triumvirate | |
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| 52 BC |
| | | The Celtic leader Vercingetorix inflicts an unaccustomed defeat on Julius Caesar, at Gergovia, but is captured later in the year | |
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| 52 BC |
| | | In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls | |
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| 51 BC |
| | | In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt | |
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| 49 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers | |
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| 47 BC |
| | | Cleopatra gives birth to a son and calls him Ptolemy XV Caesar (later known by the nickname Caesarion) | |
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| 47 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar concludes a campaign in Asia Minor so speedily that he declares, succinctly, Veni, vidi, vici ('I came, I saw, I conquered') | |
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| 46 BC |
| | | Vercingetorix is a prize exhibit in Caesar's great triumph in Rome, but the Celtic chieftain is strangled once the procession is over | |
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